¿Los seguidores eligen a sus líderes? Explicación desde la simulación basada en agentes
Abstract
El liderazgo puede ser explicado desde diferentes corrientes de pensamiento, algunas de estas desde la posición de los seguidores. El objetivo del trabajo es intentar explicar el liderazgo como un proceso de selección, desde la teoría evolutiva, en donde los seguidores son quienes le otorgan la condición de líder a un agente en particular. En este orden de ideas, las características asociadas al liderazgo, tales como el poder y la influencia, constituyen parte esencial del ejercicio. Se acude a la simulación basada en agentes para desarrollar un espacio experimental donde se conceden ciertas propiedades de comportamiento a los agentes simulados para observar, a través del análisis de las influencias internas provenientes de otros agentes, la manera cómo opera el proceso de selección en los seguidores, a partir de la utilidad que perciben de las influencias provenientes de otros agentes de la organización, independientemente del estatus y la jerarquía. El estudio concluye que el liderazgo es un proceso en donde cada agente de la organización evalúa de forma permanente la utilidad de la influencia que recibe de su líder y la acepta o la rechaza.
References
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Chemers, M. (2004). Leadership effectiveness: Functional, constructivist and empirical perspectives. En D. van Knippenberg & M. Hogg (Eds.). Leadership and power: Identity processes in groups and organizations (pp. 5-17). Londres: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216170.n2
Chiu Ch., Balkundi, P. & Weinberg, F. (2017). When managers become leaders: The role of manager network centralities, social power, and followers’ perception of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 334-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.05.004
Cioffi-Revilla, C. (2014). Introduction to Computational Social Science. New York: Springer.
Collinson, D. (2005). Dialectics of leadership. Human Relations, 58(11), 1419-1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705060902
Contreras, F. & Castro-Ríos, G. (2013). Liderazgo, poder y movilización organizacional. Estudios Gerenciales, 29(126), 72-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0123-5923(13)70021-4
Darden, L. & Cain, J. (1989). Selection type theories. Philosophy of Science, 56(1), 106-129. https://doi.org/10.1086/289475
Dennett, D.C. (1995). Natural selection as an algorithmic process. En: D.C. Dennett (Ed.), Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 48-73. Londres: Penguin Books.
Dopfer, K. (2004). The economic agent as rule maker and rule user: Homo sapiens oeconomicus. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(2), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0189-9
Dopfer, K. (2005). Evolutionary economics: a theoretical framework. En K. Dopfer (Ed.). The Evolutionary foundations of economics: 3-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511492297.001
Dopfer, K. (2011). Mesoeconomics. Integrated Analysis of Systemic Complexity and Evolutionary Change. En Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change, C. Antonelli, Editor. Edward Elgar Publisher. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930378.00021
Epstein, J. (1999). Agent‐based computational models and generative social science. Complexity, 4(5), 41‐60. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5%3C41::aid-cplx9%3E3.3.co;2-6
Epstein, J. (2013). Agent Zero: Toward Neurocognitive foundations for generative social science. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hhp5x.8
Etkin, J. (2003). Gestión de la complejidad en las organizaciones: La estrategia frente a lo imprevisto y lo impensado. Oxford University Press.
Flores Arocutipa, J. P., Manrique Nugent, M., Serna Silva, G. J., y Aybar Bellido, I. E. (2021). Liderazgo en tiempos de 4ta revolución industrial. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26, 96, 1096-1107. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.96.7
García-Díaz, C., van Witteloostuijn, A., y Péli, G. (2015). Micro-level adaptation, macro-level selection, and the dynamics of market partitioning. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144574
Gilbert, N. & Troitzsch, K. (2005). Simulation for the social scientist. Open University Press.
Gilbert, N. (2008). Agent‐Based Models (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Cap. 1.
Helbing, D. (Ed.). (2012). Social-Self Organization (Understanding Complex Systems). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Hodgson, G. (1993). Institutional economics: surveying the “old” and the “new”, Metroeconomica, 44, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999x.1993.tb00786.x
Hodgson, G. (2001). Is Social Evolution Lamarckian or Darwinian? En J. Laurent & J. Nightingale (Eds.). Darwinism and Evolutionary Economics: 87-118. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843762942.00014
Macal, C. & North, M. (2008). Agent-based modeling and simulation: ABMS examples. En S. Mason, R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson & J. Fowler (Eds.). Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference: 101-112. Miami: Winter Simulation Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736060
Marks, R. (2012). Analysis and synthesis: Multi‐agent systems in the social sciences. Knowledge Engineering Review, 27(Special Issue 2), 123‐136. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888912000094
Munduate, L. & Medina, F. (2004). Power, authority, and leadership. En Ch. Spielberger (Ed.). Encyclopedia of applied psychology: 91-99. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00348-2
Olaya, C. (2012). The importance of being atheoretical: management as engineering. En S. Groesser & R. Zeier, (Eds.) Systemic management for intelligent organizations: concepts, model-based approaches, and applications (p.p. 21-46). Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29244-6_2
Osorio Bohórquez, L. (2017). El concepto de poder en economía. Revista Telos, 19(3), 391-407.
Ravina-Ripoll, R., Marchena-Domínguez, J. & Montañés-Del Río, M. (2019). Happiness management en la época de la industria 4.0. Retos Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 9(18), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n18.2019.01
Ruiz, J. (2004). Nuevas fronteras del poder en las organizaciones. Centro Editorial Universidad del Rosario.
Sánchez, E & Rodríguez, A. (2010). 40 años de la teoría del liderazgo situacional: una revisión. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42, 1, 29-39.
Siebers P., Macal, C., Garnett J., Buxton D., y Pidd, M. (2010). Discrete‐event simulation is dead, long live agent‐based simulation. Journal of Simulation, 4, 204‐210. https://doi.org/10.1057/jos.2010.14
Sorenson, G., Goethals, G. & Haber, P. (2011). The enduring and elusive quest for a general theory of leadership: Initial efforts and new horizons. En A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.). The Sage handbook of leadership (pp. 29-36). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Stam, D., Van Knippenberg, D., Wisse, B. & Nederveen, A. (2018). Motivation in words: promotion- and prevention-oriented leader communication in times of crisis. Journal of Management, 44(7), 2859-2887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316654543
Teece, D. Pisano, G & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Joumal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199708)18:7%3C509::aid-smj882%3E3.0.co;2-z
Winter, S. (1964). Economic natural selection and theory of the firm. Yale economic essays, 4(1), 225-272.
Winter, S. (2008). Understanding dynamic capabilities. En M. Augier & D. J. Teece (Eds.), Fundamentals of Business Strategy (pp. 217-222). Los Angeles. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446261729
Yukl, G. (2009). Power and the interpersonal influence of leaders. En D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse (Eds.). Power and interdependence in organizations: 207-223. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511626562.014
Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: what we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088
Yukl, G., Kim, H. & Falbe, C. (1996). Antecedents of influence outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.309
Zapata Rotundo, G., y Caldera, J. (2008). La complejidad de las organizaciones: aproximación a un modelo teórico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, XIV(1), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v14i1.25386
Zdaniuk, A. & Bobocel, D. (2015). The role of idealized influence leadership in promoting workplace forgiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, (26), 863-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.008
Alvesson, M. & Spicer, A. (2014). Critical perspectives on leadership. En D. Day (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations. (pp. 40-56). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199755615.013.002
Azman, I., Nur Baizura, N. & Tudin, R. (2009). Prelationship between transformational leadership, empowerment, and followers’ performance: an empirical study in Malaysia. Negotium, 5, 13, 5-22. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4974639
Birnbaum, R. (2012). Genes, memes, and the evolution of human leadership. En M. Rumsey (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of leadership (pp. 243-266). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398793.013.0015
Castro-Ríos, G. & Mendoza, I. (2012). Liderazgo, poder e influencia: complejidad y emergencia en las relaciones de influencia/dependencia a través de una organización simulada. Ponencias Asamblea XLVII del Consejo Latinoamericano de Escuelas de Administración. Lima: Cladea.
Chemers, M. (2004). Leadership effectiveness: Functional, constructivist and empirical perspectives. En D. van Knippenberg & M. Hogg (Eds.). Leadership and power: Identity processes in groups and organizations (pp. 5-17). Londres: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216170.n2
Chiu Ch., Balkundi, P. & Weinberg, F. (2017). When managers become leaders: The role of manager network centralities, social power, and followers’ perception of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 334-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.05.004
Cioffi-Revilla, C. (2014). Introduction to Computational Social Science. New York: Springer.
Collinson, D. (2005). Dialectics of leadership. Human Relations, 58(11), 1419-1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705060902
Contreras, F. & Castro-Ríos, G. (2013). Liderazgo, poder y movilización organizacional. Estudios Gerenciales, 29(126), 72-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0123-5923(13)70021-4
Darden, L. & Cain, J. (1989). Selection type theories. Philosophy of Science, 56(1), 106-129. https://doi.org/10.1086/289475
Dennett, D.C. (1995). Natural selection as an algorithmic process. En: D.C. Dennett (Ed.), Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 48-73. Londres: Penguin Books.
Dopfer, K. (2004). The economic agent as rule maker and rule user: Homo sapiens oeconomicus. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(2), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0189-9
Dopfer, K. (2005). Evolutionary economics: a theoretical framework. En K. Dopfer (Ed.). The Evolutionary foundations of economics: 3-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511492297.001
Dopfer, K. (2011). Mesoeconomics. Integrated Analysis of Systemic Complexity and Evolutionary Change. En Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change, C. Antonelli, Editor. Edward Elgar Publisher. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930378.00021
Epstein, J. (1999). Agent‐based computational models and generative social science. Complexity, 4(5), 41‐60. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5%3C41::aid-cplx9%3E3.3.co;2-6
Epstein, J. (2013). Agent Zero: Toward Neurocognitive foundations for generative social science. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hhp5x.8
Etkin, J. (2003). Gestión de la complejidad en las organizaciones: La estrategia frente a lo imprevisto y lo impensado. Oxford University Press.
Flores Arocutipa, J. P., Manrique Nugent, M., Serna Silva, G. J., y Aybar Bellido, I. E. (2021). Liderazgo en tiempos de 4ta revolución industrial. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26, 96, 1096-1107. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.96.7
García-Díaz, C., van Witteloostuijn, A., y Péli, G. (2015). Micro-level adaptation, macro-level selection, and the dynamics of market partitioning. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144574
Gilbert, N. & Troitzsch, K. (2005). Simulation for the social scientist. Open University Press.
Gilbert, N. (2008). Agent‐Based Models (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Cap. 1.
Helbing, D. (Ed.). (2012). Social-Self Organization (Understanding Complex Systems). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Hodgson, G. (1993). Institutional economics: surveying the “old” and the “new”, Metroeconomica, 44, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999x.1993.tb00786.x
Hodgson, G. (2001). Is Social Evolution Lamarckian or Darwinian? En J. Laurent & J. Nightingale (Eds.). Darwinism and Evolutionary Economics: 87-118. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843762942.00014
Macal, C. & North, M. (2008). Agent-based modeling and simulation: ABMS examples. En S. Mason, R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson & J. Fowler (Eds.). Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference: 101-112. Miami: Winter Simulation Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736060
Marks, R. (2012). Analysis and synthesis: Multi‐agent systems in the social sciences. Knowledge Engineering Review, 27(Special Issue 2), 123‐136. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888912000094
Munduate, L. & Medina, F. (2004). Power, authority, and leadership. En Ch. Spielberger (Ed.). Encyclopedia of applied psychology: 91-99. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00348-2
Olaya, C. (2012). The importance of being atheoretical: management as engineering. En S. Groesser & R. Zeier, (Eds.) Systemic management for intelligent organizations: concepts, model-based approaches, and applications (p.p. 21-46). Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29244-6_2
Osorio Bohórquez, L. (2017). El concepto de poder en economía. Revista Telos, 19(3), 391-407.
Ravina-Ripoll, R., Marchena-Domínguez, J. & Montañés-Del Río, M. (2019). Happiness management en la época de la industria 4.0. Retos Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 9(18), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n18.2019.01
Ruiz, J. (2004). Nuevas fronteras del poder en las organizaciones. Centro Editorial Universidad del Rosario.
Sánchez, E & Rodríguez, A. (2010). 40 años de la teoría del liderazgo situacional: una revisión. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42, 1, 29-39.
Siebers P., Macal, C., Garnett J., Buxton D., y Pidd, M. (2010). Discrete‐event simulation is dead, long live agent‐based simulation. Journal of Simulation, 4, 204‐210. https://doi.org/10.1057/jos.2010.14
Sorenson, G., Goethals, G. & Haber, P. (2011). The enduring and elusive quest for a general theory of leadership: Initial efforts and new horizons. En A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.). The Sage handbook of leadership (pp. 29-36). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Stam, D., Van Knippenberg, D., Wisse, B. & Nederveen, A. (2018). Motivation in words: promotion- and prevention-oriented leader communication in times of crisis. Journal of Management, 44(7), 2859-2887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316654543
Teece, D. Pisano, G & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Joumal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199708)18:7%3C509::aid-smj882%3E3.0.co;2-z
Winter, S. (1964). Economic natural selection and theory of the firm. Yale economic essays, 4(1), 225-272.
Winter, S. (2008). Understanding dynamic capabilities. En M. Augier & D. J. Teece (Eds.), Fundamentals of Business Strategy (pp. 217-222). Los Angeles. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446261729
Yukl, G. (2009). Power and the interpersonal influence of leaders. En D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse (Eds.). Power and interdependence in organizations: 207-223. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511626562.014
Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: what we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088
Yukl, G., Kim, H. & Falbe, C. (1996). Antecedents of influence outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.309
Zapata Rotundo, G., y Caldera, J. (2008). La complejidad de las organizaciones: aproximación a un modelo teórico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, XIV(1), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v14i1.25386
Zdaniuk, A. & Bobocel, D. (2015). The role of idealized influence leadership in promoting workplace forgiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, (26), 863-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.008
Published
2022-09-23
How to Cite
Castro-Ríos, G. A., & Noguera-Hidalgo, Ángela L. (2022). ¿Los seguidores eligen a sus líderes? Explicación desde la simulación basada en agentes. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 27(100), 1594-1612. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.27.100.19
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