Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Psychosocial Risk Factors: Empirical evidence from micro-enterprises in Ecuador
Palabras clave:
Psychosocial risk, organizational commitment, salespersons, footwear sector
Resumen
The present research aims to establish the underlying factors influencing the current organizational commitment levels presented by salespersons of trading companies in the footwear sector in the Tungurahua Province-Ecuador. Between January and July 2024, 237 salespersons completed a semi-structured questionnaire regarding sociodemographic and company-related variables, psychosocial risk factors, and the traditional organizational commitment model components (affective, normative, and continuum). The collected data were quantitatively analyzed using Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression model. Findings showed a moderate negative relationship between psychosocial risk factors and organizational commitment levels (r =-0.558). Furthermore, the three organizational commitment components and external factors positively influenced organizational commitment. In contrast, leadership, recovery and company location negatively influenced organizational commitment. These findings underscore the critical role of organizational and environmental conditions in shaping employees’ engagement, reinforcing prior research that emphasizes the deleterious effects of workplace stressors.
Citas
Backhaus, I., Lohmann-Haislah, A., Burr, H., Nielsen, K., di Tecco, C., & Dragano, N. (2024). Organizational change: challenges for workplace psychosocial risks and employee mental health. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2477. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19815-w
Bodjrenou, K., Xu, M., & Bomboma, K. (2019). Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: A review of personal and organizational factors. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 07(05), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.75024
Chiang, M.M., Escalona, K., y Rivera, M.J. (2023). Compromiso organizacional y satisfacción laboral, análisis de clases latentes en trabajadores de administración pública y privada. Ciencias Administrativas, 11(23), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.24215/23143738e132
Cisneros-Martínez, M., and Salazar-Carranco, A. (2018). Desempeño empresarial y niveles de competitividad en Mipymes productoras de calzado en el cantón Cevallos. Boletín De Coyuntura, (17), 13–17. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/667
Cohen, A., & Diamant, A. (2017). The role of justice perceptions in determining counterproductive work behaviors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(20), 2901-2924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1340321
Coronado-Guzmán, G., Valdivia-Velasco, M., Aguilera-Dávila, A., and Alvarado-Carrillo, A. (2020). Compromiso Organizacional: Antecedentes y Consecuencias. Conciencia Tecnológica, 60, 1-15. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=94465715006
Daud, I., PHD, & Afifah, N., PHD. (2019). The relationship between Leadership Style and employee outcomes: The mediating role of Organizational Commitment. GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review, 4(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2019.4.2(1)
Devece, C., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Alguacil, M. P. (2016). Organizational commitment and its effects on organizational citizenship behavior in a high-unemployment environment. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1857–1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069
Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13, 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
ECLAC. (2020). Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Sectores y empresas frente al COVID-19: emergencia y reactivación. https://repositorio.cepal.org/entities/publication/4e1acdfc-08be-4daa-9fa5-e652b338431d
El Heraldo (Octubre 4th, 2024). Crisis energética y secuelas. https://www.elheraldo.com.ec/crisis-energetica-y-secuelas/
El-Farr, H. (Ed.). (2024). The changing landscape of workplace and workforce. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111368
Engels, M., Boß, L., Engels, J., Kuhlmann, R., Kuske, J., Lepper, S., Lesener, L., Pavlista, V., Diebig, M., Lunau, T., Ruhle, S. A., Zapkau, F. B., Angerer, P., Hoewner, J., Lehr, D., Schwens, C., Süß, S., Wulf, I. C., & Dragano, N. (2022). Facilitating stress prevention in micro and small-sized enterprises: protocol for a mixed method study to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation process of targeted web-based interventions. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12921-7
Guamán, A.R., Figueroa, C., Guamán-Guevara, F., & Núñez, J. (2023). Critical elements of disability models as determinants of travel intention of people with disabilities towards natural and cultural destinations. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 50 (4), 1240-1252. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.50404-1122
Guamán, V. (2022). Efectos del nuevo régimen de impuesto a la renta en las microempresas comercializadoras [Master’s thesis. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato]. https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/items/bb85481c-1a75-4889-bb92-e251d9c54203
Guamán-Guevara, D., Guamán-Guevara, F., Pardo, E., Guamán, A.R., y Jácome, I. (2021). Efectos colaterales en la salud de los empresarios derivados de la pandemia de COVID-19. Investigación Clínica, 62(3), 116-128. https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000736148600014
Guamán-Guevara, M. D., & Teneda, W. (2023). Teachers’ mental health issues associated with the university reopening at the onset of the post-COVID-19 era in Ecuador. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 28(9), 796-809. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e9.49
Herrera, J., & De Las Heras-Rosas, C. (2021). The organizational commitment in the company and its relationship with the psychological contract. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609211
Hngoi, C. L., Abdullah, N., Sulaiman, W. S. W., & Nor, N. I. Z. (2024). Examining job involvement and perceived organizational support toward organizational commitment: job insecurity as mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290122
Jiatong, W., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership on affective organizational commitment and job performance: The mediating role of employee engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831060
Klein, H. J., & Park, H. M. (2020). Workplace Commitments. En Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (pp. 156–183). Routledge.
Kortum, E., Leka, S., & Cox, T. (2011). Perceptions of psychosocial hazards, work-related stress and workplace priority risks in developing countries. Journal of Occupational Health, 53(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.o10016
Lim, H. Y., Da Eun, H., & Kim, M.-S. (2021). The feeling of recovery as a predictor of work engagement through positive coworker relationships. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2021(1), 15882. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.15882abstract
Łucjan, K., Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., & Rogalska, E. (2023). Relationships between leadership style and organizational commitment: The moderating role of the system of work. Economics & Sociology, 16(4), 11– 39. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-4/1
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Meyer, J. P., & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review, theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.007
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Ministerio de Trabajo de Ecuador (2018). MTE. Guía para la implementación del programa de prevención de riesgos psicosociales. https://www.trabajo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Guia-para-la-implementacion-del-programa-de-prevencion-de-riesgo-psicosocial.pdf
Orgambídez, A., & Extremera, N. (2020). Understanding the link between work engagement and job satisfaction: Do role stressors underlie this relationship? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12613
Pavlista, V., Angerer, P., & Diebig, M. (2021). Barriers and drivers of psychosocial risk assessments in German micro and small-sized enterprises: a qualitative study with owners and managers. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11416-1
Ribeiro, N., Yücel, İ., & Gomes, D. (2018). How transformational leadership predicts employees’ affective commitment and performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1901–1917. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-09-2017-0229
Salvador, J. E. (2019). Compromiso Organizacional y Riesgos Psicosociales. Revista San Gregorio, 1(35), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.36097/rsan.v1i35.1107
Schreibauer, E.C, Hippler, M., Burgess, S., Rieger, M.A., & Rind, E. (2020). Work-related psychosocial stress in small and medium-sized enterprises: An integrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(20), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207446
Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Yu, J., & Michaels, V. (2023). Psychological entitlement and organizational citizenship behaviors: the roles of employee involvement climate and affective organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1962388
Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating role of job stressors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 842–853.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028292
Steed, L. B., Swider, B. W., Keem, S., & Liu, J. T. (2019). Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery from Work. Journal of Management, 47(4), 867–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319864153
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Tang, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2019). The reciprocal relationship between affective organizational commitment and role overload: When autonomy need satisfaction meets the individual self‐concept. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(2), 353–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12295
Udin, U. (2020). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A Review of literature. Journal of Research and Opinion, 7(2), 2623–2626. https://doi.org/10.15520/jro.v7i2.49
Valenzuela, J. E. (2024). Ambato entre las cuatro ciudades con más empresas en el Ecuador. La Hora. https://www.lahora.com.ec/tungurahua/destacado-tungurahua/ambato-entre-cuatro-ciudades-mas-empresas-ecuador/
Valle, T., Sánchez, A. M., Vayas, T., Mayorga, F., and Freire, C. (2021). Empresas y establecimientos en Tungurahua. Observatorio Económico y Social de Tungurahua. https://obest.uta.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Empresas-y-establecimientos-en-Tungurahua-1.pdf
Vidal, J. C. (2022). Compromiso organizacional de grupos etarios y su influencia en el desempeño laboral. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(3), 3600-3631. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i3.2487
Wagner, A., Tsarouha, E., Ög, E., Preiser, C., Rieger, M. A., & Rind, E. (2022). Work-related psychosocial demands related to work organization in small-sized companies (SMEs) providing health-oriented services in Germany – a qualitative analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12700-4
Wziatek-Stasko, A., Michalik, I., & Vveinhardt, J. (2023). Organizational commitment in the assessment of employees of different generations: a research study. European Research Studies Journal, 26(3), 534–555. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/3230
Xia, D., Sun, J., Zhang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2022). The relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention among temporary employees in the local government: Mediating role of perceived insider status and moderating role of gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1024139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024139
Bodjrenou, K., Xu, M., & Bomboma, K. (2019). Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: A review of personal and organizational factors. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 07(05), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.75024
Chiang, M.M., Escalona, K., y Rivera, M.J. (2023). Compromiso organizacional y satisfacción laboral, análisis de clases latentes en trabajadores de administración pública y privada. Ciencias Administrativas, 11(23), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.24215/23143738e132
Cisneros-Martínez, M., and Salazar-Carranco, A. (2018). Desempeño empresarial y niveles de competitividad en Mipymes productoras de calzado en el cantón Cevallos. Boletín De Coyuntura, (17), 13–17. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/667
Cohen, A., & Diamant, A. (2017). The role of justice perceptions in determining counterproductive work behaviors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(20), 2901-2924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1340321
Coronado-Guzmán, G., Valdivia-Velasco, M., Aguilera-Dávila, A., and Alvarado-Carrillo, A. (2020). Compromiso Organizacional: Antecedentes y Consecuencias. Conciencia Tecnológica, 60, 1-15. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=94465715006
Daud, I., PHD, & Afifah, N., PHD. (2019). The relationship between Leadership Style and employee outcomes: The mediating role of Organizational Commitment. GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review, 4(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2019.4.2(1)
Devece, C., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Alguacil, M. P. (2016). Organizational commitment and its effects on organizational citizenship behavior in a high-unemployment environment. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1857–1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069
Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13, 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
ECLAC. (2020). Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Sectores y empresas frente al COVID-19: emergencia y reactivación. https://repositorio.cepal.org/entities/publication/4e1acdfc-08be-4daa-9fa5-e652b338431d
El Heraldo (Octubre 4th, 2024). Crisis energética y secuelas. https://www.elheraldo.com.ec/crisis-energetica-y-secuelas/
El-Farr, H. (Ed.). (2024). The changing landscape of workplace and workforce. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111368
Engels, M., Boß, L., Engels, J., Kuhlmann, R., Kuske, J., Lepper, S., Lesener, L., Pavlista, V., Diebig, M., Lunau, T., Ruhle, S. A., Zapkau, F. B., Angerer, P., Hoewner, J., Lehr, D., Schwens, C., Süß, S., Wulf, I. C., & Dragano, N. (2022). Facilitating stress prevention in micro and small-sized enterprises: protocol for a mixed method study to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation process of targeted web-based interventions. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12921-7
Guamán, A.R., Figueroa, C., Guamán-Guevara, F., & Núñez, J. (2023). Critical elements of disability models as determinants of travel intention of people with disabilities towards natural and cultural destinations. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 50 (4), 1240-1252. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.50404-1122
Guamán, V. (2022). Efectos del nuevo régimen de impuesto a la renta en las microempresas comercializadoras [Master’s thesis. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato]. https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/items/bb85481c-1a75-4889-bb92-e251d9c54203
Guamán-Guevara, D., Guamán-Guevara, F., Pardo, E., Guamán, A.R., y Jácome, I. (2021). Efectos colaterales en la salud de los empresarios derivados de la pandemia de COVID-19. Investigación Clínica, 62(3), 116-128. https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000736148600014
Guamán-Guevara, M. D., & Teneda, W. (2023). Teachers’ mental health issues associated with the university reopening at the onset of the post-COVID-19 era in Ecuador. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 28(9), 796-809. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e9.49
Herrera, J., & De Las Heras-Rosas, C. (2021). The organizational commitment in the company and its relationship with the psychological contract. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609211
Hngoi, C. L., Abdullah, N., Sulaiman, W. S. W., & Nor, N. I. Z. (2024). Examining job involvement and perceived organizational support toward organizational commitment: job insecurity as mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290122
Jiatong, W., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership on affective organizational commitment and job performance: The mediating role of employee engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831060
Klein, H. J., & Park, H. M. (2020). Workplace Commitments. En Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (pp. 156–183). Routledge.
Kortum, E., Leka, S., & Cox, T. (2011). Perceptions of psychosocial hazards, work-related stress and workplace priority risks in developing countries. Journal of Occupational Health, 53(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.o10016
Lim, H. Y., Da Eun, H., & Kim, M.-S. (2021). The feeling of recovery as a predictor of work engagement through positive coworker relationships. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2021(1), 15882. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.15882abstract
Łucjan, K., Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., & Rogalska, E. (2023). Relationships between leadership style and organizational commitment: The moderating role of the system of work. Economics & Sociology, 16(4), 11– 39. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-4/1
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Meyer, J. P., & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review, theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.007
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Ministerio de Trabajo de Ecuador (2018). MTE. Guía para la implementación del programa de prevención de riesgos psicosociales. https://www.trabajo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Guia-para-la-implementacion-del-programa-de-prevencion-de-riesgo-psicosocial.pdf
Orgambídez, A., & Extremera, N. (2020). Understanding the link between work engagement and job satisfaction: Do role stressors underlie this relationship? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12613
Pavlista, V., Angerer, P., & Diebig, M. (2021). Barriers and drivers of psychosocial risk assessments in German micro and small-sized enterprises: a qualitative study with owners and managers. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11416-1
Ribeiro, N., Yücel, İ., & Gomes, D. (2018). How transformational leadership predicts employees’ affective commitment and performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1901–1917. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-09-2017-0229
Salvador, J. E. (2019). Compromiso Organizacional y Riesgos Psicosociales. Revista San Gregorio, 1(35), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.36097/rsan.v1i35.1107
Schreibauer, E.C, Hippler, M., Burgess, S., Rieger, M.A., & Rind, E. (2020). Work-related psychosocial stress in small and medium-sized enterprises: An integrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(20), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207446
Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Yu, J., & Michaels, V. (2023). Psychological entitlement and organizational citizenship behaviors: the roles of employee involvement climate and affective organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1962388
Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating role of job stressors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 842–853.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028292
Steed, L. B., Swider, B. W., Keem, S., & Liu, J. T. (2019). Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery from Work. Journal of Management, 47(4), 867–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319864153
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Tang, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2019). The reciprocal relationship between affective organizational commitment and role overload: When autonomy need satisfaction meets the individual self‐concept. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(2), 353–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12295
Udin, U. (2020). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A Review of literature. Journal of Research and Opinion, 7(2), 2623–2626. https://doi.org/10.15520/jro.v7i2.49
Valenzuela, J. E. (2024). Ambato entre las cuatro ciudades con más empresas en el Ecuador. La Hora. https://www.lahora.com.ec/tungurahua/destacado-tungurahua/ambato-entre-cuatro-ciudades-mas-empresas-ecuador/
Valle, T., Sánchez, A. M., Vayas, T., Mayorga, F., and Freire, C. (2021). Empresas y establecimientos en Tungurahua. Observatorio Económico y Social de Tungurahua. https://obest.uta.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Empresas-y-establecimientos-en-Tungurahua-1.pdf
Vidal, J. C. (2022). Compromiso organizacional de grupos etarios y su influencia en el desempeño laboral. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(3), 3600-3631. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i3.2487
Wagner, A., Tsarouha, E., Ög, E., Preiser, C., Rieger, M. A., & Rind, E. (2022). Work-related psychosocial demands related to work organization in small-sized companies (SMEs) providing health-oriented services in Germany – a qualitative analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12700-4
Wziatek-Stasko, A., Michalik, I., & Vveinhardt, J. (2023). Organizational commitment in the assessment of employees of different generations: a research study. European Research Studies Journal, 26(3), 534–555. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/3230
Xia, D., Sun, J., Zhang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2022). The relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention among temporary employees in the local government: Mediating role of perceived insider status and moderating role of gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1024139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024139
Publicado
2025-04-05
Cómo citar
Guamán-Guevara, M. D., Ipanaqué-Costilla, J., & Guamán- Guevara, F. (2025). Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Psychosocial Risk Factors: Empirical evidence from micro-enterprises in Ecuador. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 30(110), 1186-1201. Recuperado a partir de https://mail.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/43729
Número
Sección
TRIMESTRE
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
.png)
